Liver Histopathological Analysis in The Acute Toxicity Test of Shallot (Allium cepa L.) Peel Extract in Rats (Rattus norvegicus)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19184/ams.v11i3.53736Keywords:
acute toxicity, histopathological, liver, shallot peelAbstract
Shallot (Allium cepa L.) contains bioactive compounds with antioxidant effects. In addition to the tuber, the shallot’s peel is a rich source of flavonoids with demonstrated capacity to mitigate oxidative stress. Prior studies have evaluated the antioxidant efficacy of shallot peel in ameliorating organ damage and have established its maximum effective dose. The subsequent step required for its potential therapeutic application is toxicity test. This study aimed to analyze the liver histopathological changes in the acute toxicity test of shallot peel extract (SPE) in rats based on OECD TG 420. This research was an experimental with a post-test-only control group design. Five female rats were used as the control group administered dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), while 5 female rats were used in the treatment group administered SPE at 5,000 mg/kg body weight (BW) (one of them had been used for a preliminary test with the same dosage). On day 15, a necropsy was conducted, followed by histopathological observation of the hematoxylin-eosin (HE)-stained liver histopathological slide. The damage to hepatocytes was evaluated using Manja Roenigk criteria. The average histopathological score per liver cell of the control group was 1.226 ± 0.0065 and the treatment group was 1.235±0.0079. The Mann-Whitney test showed that the liver histopathological score of the treatment group was not different from that of the control group (p>0.05). It can be concluded that SPE 5,000 mg/kg does not show acute toxic effects in rats, with LD₅₀ estimated at >5,000 mg/kg according to OECD standards.
Downloads
References
Abrori, C., Nurfadhila, K., & Sakinah, E. N. (2019). Acute Toxicity Tests of Basil Leaves (Ocimumsanctum ) Ethanolic Extract Determined By LD 50 and Renal Histopathology. Journal of Agromedicine and Medical Sciences, 5(1), 13–19.
Adeluwoye, A. O., Odunola, O. A., Gbadegesin, M. A., & Adelabu, O. O. (2017). Assessment of the Effect of Ethanol Extract of Tridax Procumbens (linn.) on Sodium Arsenite-induced Toxicities in Male Wistar Rats. American Journal of Biomedical Sciences, 151–165. https://doi.org/10.5099/aj170300151
ASEAN. (2014). An ASEAN for evaluating the guidance document safety of botanical. ASEAN Botanical Safety Guidance. Accessed on 24 November 2024 from https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/ASEAN-Botanical-Safety-Assessment-Guidance.pdf.
Ayun, A.Q., Faridah, D.N., Yuliana, N.D., & Andriyanto (2021). Pengujian Toksisitas Akut LD 50 Infusa Benalu Teh (Scurrula sp.) dengan Menggunakan Mencit (Mus musculus) The Acute Toxicity Test of LD 50 of Benalu Teh (Scurrula sp.) Infusion by Using Mice (Mus musculus). ACTA VETERINARIA INDONESIANA, 9(1), 53–63. http://www.journal.ipb.ac.id/indeks.php/actavetindones
Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan. (2022). Pedoman Uji Toksisitas Praklinik Secara In Vivo. Berita Negara Republik Indonesia. Accessed on 20 November 2024 from https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/223969/peraturan-bpom-no-10-tahun-2022
Bi’izzyk, A. B., Helianti, D., Wahyudi, S. S., & Dewi, R. (2024). Shallot (Allium cepa L.) Peel Infusion Ameliorates Kidney Histopathological Damages in Diazinon-Induced Wistar Rats. Majalah Kedokteran Bandung, 56(1), 8–14. https://doi.org/10.15395/mkb.v56.3307
Bintang, M. F. R. M., Dewi, R., Efendi, E., Helianti, D., & Rachmania, S. (2024). Shallot Peel Infusion Prevents Bronchus Epithelium Thickening And Cilia Shortening In Cigarette Smoke-Induced Wistar Rats. Jurnal Profesi Medika : Jurnal Kedokteran Dan Kesehatan, 18(2), 119–129. https://doi.org/10.33533/jpm.v18i2.7804
Bonasia, D. E., Marmotti, A., Massa, A. D. F., Ferro, A., Blonna, D., Castoldi, F., & Rossi, R. (2015). Intra- and inter-observer reliability of ten major histological scoring systems used for the evaluation of in vivo cartilage repair. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 23(9), 2484–2493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-014-2975-8
Cahya, N., Dewi, R., Hasan, M., & Helianti, D. (2022). Ekstrak Ethanol Kulit Bawang Merah (Allium Cepa L.) Memperbaiki Kerusakan Hati Tikus Wistar Yang Diinduksi Diazinon. Jurnal Kedokteran Dan Kesehatan : Publikasi Ilmiah Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sriwijaya, 9(3), 263–270. https://doi.org/10.32539/jkk.v9i3.18862
Chaurasiya, R., Gupta, R., Shukla, S., Yadav, P., Saxena, A. M., & Gupta, M. (2025). Pharmacological safe dose assessment of Mangifera indica Linn. leaves extract according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 420 standards. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 24(1), 23–32. https://doi.org/10.56042/ijtk.v24i1.6603
Fuentes, J., Arias-Santé, M. F., Atala, E., Pastene, E., Kogan, M. J., & Speisky, H. (2020). Low nanomolar concentrations of a quercetin oxidation product, which naturally occurs in onion peel, protect cells against oxidative damage. Food Chemistry, 314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126166
Guneidy, R. A., Zaki, E. R., Gad, A. A. M., Saleh, N. S. E. D., & Shokeer, A. (2022). Evaluation of Phenolic Content Diversity along with Antioxidant/Pro-Oxidant, Glutathione Transferase Inhibition, and Cytotoxic Potential of Selected Commonly Used Plants. Preventive Nutrition and Food Science, 27(3), 282–298. https://doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2022.27.3.282
Jalili, C., Farzaei, M. H., Roshankhah, S., & Salahshoor, M. R. (2019). Resveratrol attenuates malathion-induced liver damage by reducing oxidative stress. Journal of Laboratory Physicians, 11(03), 212–219. https://doi.org/10.4103/jlp.jlp_43_19
Joshi, D. R., & Adhikari, N. (2019). An Overview on Common Organic Solvents and Their Toxicity. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2019/v28i330203
Kementerian Pertanian. (2023). Outlook Bawang Merah (Anna A.Susanti & Ade Supriyatna, Eds.). Pusat Data dan Sistem Informasi Pertanian.
Madihah, M., Ratningsih, N., Malini, D. M., Faiza, A. H., & Iskandar, J. (2017). Uji toksisitas akut ekstrak etanol kulit buah jengkol (Archidendron pauciflorum) terhadap tikus Wistar betina. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon, 3(1), 33–38. https://doi.org/10.13057/psnmbi/m030107
Maulina, M. (2018). Zat-Zat Yang Mempengaruhi Histopatologi Hepar (Al-Muqsith, Ed.; 1st ed., Vol. 1). UNIMAL Press.
Merdana, I. M., Kardena, I. M., Budiasa, K., & Gunawan, I. M. D. (2019). Histopathological Structure of White Rats Liver After Giving Ant Nest Extract Due to Induced Paracetamol Toxic Dose. Buletin Veteriner Udayana, 14. https://doi.org/10.24843/bulvet.2019.v11.i01.p03
Mobin, L., Haq, M. A., Ali, R., Naz, S., & Saeed, S. G. (2022). Antibacterial and antioxidant potential of the phenolic extract and its fractions isolated from Allium ascalonicum (onion) peel. Natural Product Research, 36(12), 3163–3167. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2021.1948040
Moustafa, S. M., & Ali, M. H. (2021). The probable protective Effect of Quercetin Against Doxorubicin-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Adult Albino Rats: A Biochemical and Immunohistopathological Study. In Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology (Vol. 37).
OECD. (2001). OECD/OCDE 420 Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals- Acute Oral Toxicity Fixed Dose Procedure.
Rachmawati, E., & Ulfa, E. U. (2018). Uji Toksisitas Subkronik Ekstrak Kayu Kuning (Arcangelisia flava Merr) terhadap Hepar dan Ginjal. Global Medical and Health Communication, 6(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.29313/gmhc.v6i1.2203
Rahima, S. A., Dewi, R., Rumastika, N. S., & Helianti, D. (2022). Shallot (Allium cepa L.) Skin Ethanol Extract Neutralizes Liver Oxidative Stress in Diazinon-Induced Wistar Rats. Qanun Medika - Medical Journal Faculty of Medicine Muhammadiyah Surabaya, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.30651/jqm.v6i1.8038
Sari, N.W., Saebani, S., & Dhanardhono, T. (2018). Pengaruh Pemberian Butylated Hydroxytoluene (2,6-Di-Tert-Butyl-4-Methylphenol) Per Oral Dosis Bertingkat Terhadap Gambaran Histopatologis Hepar Tikus Wistar. Jurnal Kedokteran Diponegoro, 7(2), 1344–1357.
Singla, K., Sandhu, S. V., Pal, R. A. G. K., Bansal, H., Bhullar, R. K., & Kaur, P. (2017). Comparative evaluation of different histoprocessing methods. International Journal of Health Sciences, 11(2), 28.
Sulastra, C. S., & Khaerati, K. (2020). Acute Toxicity and the Lethal Dose 50 of Purple Yam Ethanol Extract (Dioscorea alata L.) in White Rat (Rattus norvegicus). Jurnal Ilmiah Medicamento•, 6(1), 2356–4818.
Taek, A. Y., Ndaong, N. A., & Gaina, C. A. (2019). Gambaran Histopatologi Hepar Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus) Jantan Pasca Pemberian Ekstrak Infusa Buah Pare (Momordica charantia L.) Lokal NTT. Jurnal Veteriner Nusantara, 3(2), 89–96.
Vdoviaková, K., Petrovová, E., Krešáková, L., Maloveská, M., Teleky, J., Jenčová, J., Živčák, J., & Jenča, A. (2016). Importance rat liver morphology and vasculature in surgical research. Medical Science Monitor, 22, 4716–4728. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.899129
Wahyuni, F. S., Putri, I. N., & Arisanti, D. (2017). Sub-chronic toxicity evaluation of ethyl acetate fraction of fruit rind of “asam kandis” (Garcinia cowa Roxb.) against liver and kidney function of female white mice. Jurnal Sains Farmasi & Klinis, 3(2), 202–212.
Xu, D., Hu, M. J., Wang, Y. Q., & Cui, Y. L. (2019). Antioxidant activities of quercetin and its complexes for medicinal application. In Molecules (Vol. 24, Issue 6). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24061123
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Rosita Dewi, Dina Helianti, Nadilla Aprilya Pratiwi, Dini Agustina, Sheilla Rachmania
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
